History-Social Science Content Standards for California Public Schools, Kindergarten Through Grade Twelve

  • Historical and Social Sciences Analysis Skills (1)
    • Chronological and Spatial Thinking
      • K-5 Students place key events and people of the historical era they are studying in a chronological sequence and within a spatial context; they interpret time lines.
      • K-5 Students correctly apply terms related to time, including past, present, future, decade, century, and generation.
      • K-5 Students explain how the present is connected to the past, identifying both similarities and differences between the two, and how some things change over time and some things stay the same.
      • K-5 Students use map and globe skills to determine the absolute locations of places and interpret information available through a map's or globe's legend, scale, and symbolic representations.
      • K-5 Students judge the significance of the relative location of a place (e.g., proximity to a harbor, on trade routes) and analyze how relative advantages or disadvantages can change over time.
      • Grades 6-8 Students explain how major events are related to one another in time.
      • Grades 6-8 Students construct various time lines of key events, people, and periods of the historical era they are studying.
      • Grades 6-8 Students use a variety of maps and documents to identify physical and cultural features of neighborhoods, cities, states, and countries and to explain the historical migration of people, expansion and disintegration of empires, and the growth of economic systems.
      • Grades 9-12 Students compare the present with the past, evaluating the consequences of past events and decisions and determining the lessons that were learned.
      • Grades 9-12 Students analyze how change happens at different rates at different times; understand that some aspects can change while others remain the same; and understand that change is complicated and affects not only technology and politics but also values and beliefs.
      • Grades 9-12 Students use a variety of maps and documents to interpret human movement, including major patterns of domestic and international migration, changing environmental preferences and settlement patterns, the frictions that develop between population groups, and the diffusion of ideas, technological innovations, and goods.
      • Grades 9-12 Students relate current events to the physical and human characteristics of places and regions.
    • Research, Evidence, and Point of View
      • K-5 Students differentiate between primary and secondary sources.
      • K-5 Students pose relevant questions about events they encounter in historical documents, eyewitness accounts, oral histories, letters, diaries, artifacts, photographs, maps, artworks, and architecture.
      • K-5 Students distinguish fact from fiction by comparing documentary sources on historical figures and events with fictionalized characters and events.
      • Grades 6-8 Students frame questions that can be answered by historical study and research.
      • Grades 6-8 Students distinguish fact from opinion in historical narratives and stories.
      • Grades 6-8 Students distinguish relevant from irrelevant information, essential from incidental information, and verifiable from unverifiable information in historical narratives and stories.
      • Grades 6-8 Students assess the credibility of primary and secondary sources and draw sound conclusions from them.
      • Grades 6-8 Students detect the different historical points of view on historical events and determine the context in which the historical statements were made (the questions asked, sources used, author's perspectives).
    • Historical Interpretation (1)
      • K-5 Students summarize the key events of the era they are studying and explain the historical contexts of those events.
      • K-5 Students identify the human and physical characteristics of the places they are studying and explain how those features form the unique character of those places.
      • K-5 Students identify and interpret the multiple causes and effects of historical events.
      • K-5 Students conduct cost-benefit analyses of historical and current events.
      • Grades 6-8 Students explain the central issues and problems from the past, placing people and events in a matrix of time and place.
      • Grades 6-8 Students understand and distinguish cause, effect, sequence, and correlation in historical events, including the long-and short-term causal relations.
      • Grades 6-8 Students explain the sources of historical continuity and how the combination of ideas and events explains the emergence of new patterns.
      • Grades 6-8 Students recognize the role of chance, oversight, and error in history.
      • Grades 6-8 Students recognize that interpretations of history are subject to change as new information is uncovered.
      • Grades 6-8 Students interpret basic indicators of economic performance and conduct cost-benefit analyses of economic and political issues.
      • Grades 9-12 Students show the connections, causal and otherwise, between particular historical events and larger social, economic, and political trends and developments.
      • Grades 9-12 Students recognize the complexity of historical causes and effects, including the limitations on determining cause and effect.
      • Grades 9-12 Students interpret past events and issues within the context in which an event unfolded rather than solely in terms of present-day norms and values.
      • Grades 9-12 Students understand the meaning, implication, and impact of historical events and recognize that events could have taken other directions.
      • Grades 9-12 Students analyze human modifications of landscapes and examine the resulting environmental policy issues.
      • Grades 9-12 Students conduct cost-benefit analyses and apply basic economic indicators to analyze the aggregate economic behavior of the U.S. economy.
    • Historical Research, Evidence, and Point of View
      • Grades 9-12 Students distinguish valid arguments from fallacious arguments in historical interpretations.
      • Grades 9-12 Students identify bias and prejudice in historical interpretations.
      • Grades 9-12 Students evaluate major debates among historians concerning alternative interpretations of the past, including an analysis of authors' use of evidence and the distinctions between sound generalizations and misleading oversimplifications.
      • Grades 9-12 Students construct and test hypotheses; collect, evaluate, and employ information from multiple primary and secondary sources; and apply it in oral and written presentations.
  • Grade K: Learning and Working Now and Long Ago (2)
    • HSS K.1 Students understand that being a good citizen involves acting in certain ways. (1)
      • HSS K.1.1 Follow rules, such as sharing and taking turns, and know the consequences of breaking them.
      • HSS K.1.2 Learn examples of honesty, courage, determination, individual responsibility, and patriotism in American and world history from stories and folklore.
      • HSS K.1.3 Know beliefs and related behaviors of characters in stories from times past and understand the consequences of the characters' actions.
    • HSS K.2 Students recognize national and state symbols and icons such as the national and state flags, the bald eagle, and the Statue of Liberty.
    • HSS K.3 Students match simple descriptions of work that people do and the names of related jobs at the school, in the local community, and from historical accounts.
    • HSS K.4 Students compare and contrast the locations of people, places, and environments and describe their characteristics.
      • HSS K.4.1 Determine the relative locations of objects using the terms near/far, left/right, and behind/in front.
      • HSS K.4.2 Distinguish between land and water on maps and globes and locate general areas referenced in historical legends and stories.
      • HSS K.4.3 Identify traffic symbols and map symbols (e.g., those for land, water, roads, cities).
      • HSS K.4.4 Construct maps and models of neighborhoods, incorporating such structures as police and fire stations, airports, banks, hospitals, supermarkets, harbors, schools, homes, places of worship, and transportation lines.
      • HSS K.4.5 Demonstrate familiarity with the school's layout, environs, and the jobs people do there.
    • HSS K.5 Students put events in temporal order using a calendar, placing days, weeks, and months in proper order.
    • HSS K.6 Students understand that history relates to events, people, and places of other times.
      • HSS K.6.1 Identify the purposes of, and the people and events honored in, commemorative holidays, including the human struggles that were the basis for the events (e.g., Thanksgiving, Independence Day, Washington's and Lincoln's Birthdays, Martin Luther King Jr. Day, Memorial Day, Labor Day, Columbus Day, Veterans Day).
      • HSS K.6.2 Know the triumphs in American legends and historical accounts through the stories of such people as Pocahontas, George Washing-ton, Booker T. Washington, Daniel Boone, and Benjamin Franklin.
      • HSS K.6.3 Understand how people lived in earlier times and how their lives would be different today (e.g., getting water from a well, growing food, making clothing, having fun, forming organizations, living by rules and laws).
  • Grade 1: A Child's Place in Time and Space (17)
  • Grade 2: People Who Make a Difference (8)
  • Grade 3: Continuity and Change (1)
    • HSS 3.1 Students describe the physical and human geography and use maps, tables, graphs, photographs, and charts to organize information about people, places, and environments in a spatial context.
      • HSS 3.1.1 Identify geographical features in their local region (e.g., deserts, mountains, valleys, hills, coastal areas, oceans, lakes).
      • HSS 3.1.2 Trace the ways in which people have used the resources of the local region and modified the physical environment (e.g., a dam constructed upstream changed a river or coastline).
    • HSS 3.2 Students describe the American Indian nations in their local region long ago and in the recent past. (1)
      • HSS 3.2.1 Describe national identities, religious beliefs, customs, and various folklore traditions.
      • HSS 3.2.2 Discuss the ways in which physical geography, including climate, influenced how the local Indian nations adapted to their natural environment (e.g., how they obtained food, clothing, tools).
      • HSS 3.2.3 Describe the economy and systems of government, particularly those with tribal constitutions, and their relationship to federal and state governments.
      • HSS 3.2.4 Discuss the interaction of new settlers with the already established Indians of the region.
    • HSS 3.3 Students draw from historical and community resources to organize the sequence of local historical events and describe how each period of settlement left its mark on the land.
      • HSS 3.3.1 Research the explorers who visited here, the newcomers who settled here, and the people who continue to come to the region, including their cultural and religious traditions and contributions.
      • HSS 3.3.2 Describe the economies established by settlers and their influence on the present-day economy, with emphasis on the importance of private property and entrepreneurship.
      • HSS 3.3.3 Trace why their community was established, how individuals and families contributed to its founding and development, and how the community has changed over time, drawing on maps, photographs, oral histories, letters, newspapers, and other primary sources.
    • HSS 3.4 Students understand the role of rules and laws in our daily lives and the basic structure of the U.S. government.
      • HSS 3.4.1 Determine the reasons for rules, laws, and the U.S. Constitution; the role of citizenship in the promotion of rules and laws; and the consequences for people who violate rules and laws.
      • HSS 3.4.2 Discuss the importance of public virtue and the role of citizens, including how to participate in a classroom, in the community, and in civic life.
      • HSS 3.4.3 Know the histories of important local and national landmarks, symbols, and essential documents that create a sense of community among citizens and exemplify cherished ideals (e.g., the U.S. flag, the bald eagle, the Statue of Liberty, the U.S. Constitution, the Declaration of Independence, the U.S. Capitol).
      • HSS 3.4.4 Understand the three branches of government, with an emphasis on local government.
      • HSS 3.4.5 Describe the ways in which California, the other states, and sovereign American Indian tribes contribute to the making of our nation and participate in the federal system of government.
      • HSS 3.4.6 Describe the lives of American heroes who took risks to secure our freedoms (e.g., Anne Hutchinson, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, Martin Luther King, Jr.).
    • HSS 3.5 Students demonstrate basic economic reasoning skills and an understanding of the economy of the local region.
      • HSS 3.5.1 Describe the ways in which local producers have used and are using natural resources, human resources, and capital resources to produce goods and services in the past and the present.
      • HSS 3.5.2 Understand that some goods are made locally, some elsewhere in the United States, and some abroad.
      • HSS 3.5.3 Understand that individual economic choices involve trade-offs and the evaluation of benefits and costs.
      • HSS 3.5.4 Discuss the relationship of students' "work" in school and their personal human capital.
  • Grade 4: California: A Changing State (23)
  • Grade 5: United States History and Geography: Making a New Nation (23)
  • Grade 6: World History and Geography: Ancient Civilizations (30)
  • Grade 7: World History and Geography: Medieval and Early Modern Times (20)
    • HSS 7.1 Students analyze the causes and effects of the vast expansion and ultimate disintegration of the Roman Empire. (5)
    • HSS 7.2 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the civilizations of Islam in the Middle Ages. (3)
      • HSS 7.2.1 Identify the physical features and describe the climate of the Arabian peninsula, its relationship to surrounding bodies of land and water, and nomadic and sedentary ways of life.
      • HSS 7.2.2 Trace the origins of Islam and the life and teachings of Muhammad, including Islamic teachings on the connection with Judaism and Christianity.
      • HSS 7.2.3 Explain the significance of the Qur'an and the Sunnah as the primary sources of Islamic beliefs, practice, and law, and their influence in Muslims' daily life.
      • HSS 7.2.4 Discuss the expansion of Muslim rule through military conquests and treaties, emphasizing the cultural blending within Muslim civilization and the spread and acceptance of Islam and the Arabic language.
      • HSS 7.2.5 Describe the growth of cities and the establishment of trade routes among Asia, Africa, and Europe, the products and inventions that traveled along these routes (e.g., spices, textiles, paper, steel, new crops), and the role of merchants in Arab society.
      • HSS 7.2.6 Understand the intellectual exchanges among Muslim scholars of Eurasia and Africa and the contributions Muslim scholars made to later civilizations in the areas of science, geography, mathematics, philosophy, medicine, art, and literature.
    • HSS 7.3 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the civilizations of China in the Middle Ages.
      • HSS 7.3.1 Describe the reunification of China under the Tang Dynasty and reasons for the spread of Buddhism in Tang China, Korea, and Japan.
      • HSS 7.3.2 Describe agricultural, technological, and commercial developments during the Tang and Song periods.
      • HSS 7.3.3 Analyze the influences of Confucianism and changes in Confucian thought during the Song and Mongol periods.
      • HSS 7.3.4 Understand the importance of both overland trade and maritime expeditions between China and other civilizations in the Mongol Ascendancy and Ming Dynasty.
      • HSS 7.3.5 Trace the historic influence of such discoveries as tea, the manufacture of paper, wood-block printing, the compass, and gunpowder.
      • HSS 7.3.6 Describe the development of the imperial state and the scholar-official class.
    • HSS 7.4 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the sub-Saharan civilizations of Ghana and Mali in Medieval Africa.
      • HSS 7.4.1 Study the Niger River and the relationship of vegetation zones of forest, savannah, and desert to trade in gold, salt, food, and slaves; and the growth of the Ghana and Mali empires.
      • HSS 7.4.2 Analyze the importance of family, labor specialization, and regional commerce in the development of states and cities in West Africa.
      • HSS 7.4.3 Describe the role of the trans-Saharan caravan trade in the changing religious and cultural characteristics of West Africa and the influence of Islamic beliefs, ethics, and law.
      • HSS 7.4.4 Trace the growth of the Arabic language in government, trade, and Islamic scholarship in West Africa.
      • HSS 7.4.5 Describe the importance of written and oral traditions in the trans-mission of African history and culture.
    • HSS 7.5 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the civilizations of Medieval Japan.
      • HSS 7.5.1 Describe the significance of Japan's proximity to China and Korea and the intellectual, linguistic, religious, and philosophical influence of those countries on Japan.
      • HSS 7.5.2 Discuss the reign of Prince Shotoku of Japan and the characteristics of Japanese society and family life during his reign.
      • HSS 7.5.3 Describe the values, social customs, and traditions prescribed by the Content lord-vassal system consisting of shogun, daimyo, and samurai and lasting influence of the warrior code throughout the twentieth century.
      • HSS 7.5.4 Trace the development of distinctive forms of Japanese Buddhism.
      • HSS 7.5.5 Study the ninth and tenth centuries' golden age of literature, art, and drama and its lasting effects on culture today, including Murasaki Shikibu's Tale of Genji.
      • HSS 7.5.6 Analyze the rise of a military society in the late twelfth century and the role of the samurai in that society.
    • HSS 7.6 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the civilizations of Medieval Europe.
      • HSS 7.6.1 Study the geography of Europe and the Eurasian land mass, including their location, topography, waterways, vegetation, and climate and their relationship to ways of life in Medieval Europe.
      • HSS 7.6.2 Describe the spread of Christianity north of the Alps and the roles played by the early church and by monasteries in its diffusion after the fall of the western half of the Roman Empire.
      • HSS 7.6.3 Understand the development of feudalism, its role in the medieval European economy, the way in which it was influenced by physical geography (the role of the manor and the growth of towns), and how feudal relationships provided the foundation of political order.
      • HSS 7.6.4 Demonstrate an understanding of the conflict and cooperation between the Papacy and European monarchs (e.g., Charlemagne, Gregory VII, Emperor Henry IV).
      • HSS 7.6.5 Know the significance of developments in medieval English legal and constitutional practices and their importance in the rise of modern democratic thought and representative institutions (e.g., Magna Carta, parliament, development of habeas corpus, an independent judiciary in England).
      • HSS 7.6.6 Discuss the causes and course of the religious Crusades and their effects on the Christian, Muslim, and Jewish populations in Europe, with emphasis on the increasing contact by Europeans with cultures of the Eastern Mediterranean world.
      • HSS 7.6.7 Map the spread of the bubonic plague from Central Asia to China, the Middle East, and Europe and describe its impact on global population.
      • HSS 7.6.8 Understand the importance of the Catholic church as a political, intellectual, and aesthetic institution (e.g., founding of universities, political and spiritual roles of the clergy, creation of monastic and mendicant religious orders, preservation of the Latin language and religious texts, St. Thomas Aquinas's synthesis of classical philosophy with Christian theology, and the concept of "natural law").
      • HSS 7.6.9 Know the history of the decline of Muslim rule in the Iberian Penin-Grade Seven sula that culminated in the Reconquista and the rise of Spanish Portuguese kingdoms.
    • HSS 7.7 Students compare and contrast the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the Meso-American and Andean civilizations. (5)
    • HSS 7.8 Students analyze the origins, accomplishments, and geographic diffusion of the Renaissance. (5)
      • HSS 7.8.1 Describe the way in which the revival of classical learning and the arts fostered a new interest in humanism (i.e., a balance between intellect and religious faith).
      • HSS 7.8.2 Explain the importance of Florence in the early stages of the Renaissance and the growth of independent trading cities (e.g., Venice), with emphasis on the cities' importance in the spread of Renaissance ideas.
      • HSS 7.8.3 Understand the effects of the reopening of the ancient "Silk Road" between Europe and China, including Marco Polo's travels and the location of his routes.
      • HSS 7.8.4 Describe the growth and effects of new ways of disseminating information (e.g., the ability to manufacture paper, translation of the Bible into the vernacular, printing).
      • HSS 7.8.5 Detail advances made in literature, the arts, science, mathematics, cartography, engineering, and the understanding of human anatomy and astronomy (e.g., by Dante Alighieri, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo di Buonarroti Simoni, Johann Gutenberg, William Shakespeare).
    • HSS 7.9 Students analyze the historical developments of the Reformation. (1)
      • HSS 7.9.1 List the causes for the internal turmoil in and weakening of the Catholic church (e.g., tax policies, selling of indulgences).
      • HSS 7.9.2 Describe the theological, political, and economic ideas of the major figures during the Reformation (e.g., Desiderius Erasmus, Martin Luther, John Calvin, William Tyndale).
      • HSS 7.9.3 Explain Protestants' new practices of church self-government and the influence of those practices on the development of democratic practices and ideas of federalism.
      • HSS 7.9.4 Identify and locate the European regions that remained Catholic and those that became Protestant and explain how the division affected the distribution of religions in the New World.
      • HSS 7.9.5 Analyze how the Counter Reformation revitalized the Catholic church and the forces that fostered the movement (e.g., St. Ignatius of Loyola and the Jesuits, the Council of Trent).
      • HSS 7.9.6 Understand the institution and impact of missionaries on Christianity and the diffusion of Christianity from Europe to other parts of the world in the medieval and early modern periods; locate missions on a world map.
      • HSS 7.9.7 Describe the Golden Age of cooperation between Jews and Muslims in medieval Spain that promoted creativity in art, literature, and science, including how that cooperation was terminated by the religious persecution of individuals and groups (e.g., the Spanish Inquisition and the expulsion of Jews and Muslims from Spain in 1492).
    • HSS 7.10 Students analyze the historical developments of the Scientific Revolution and its lasting effect on religious, political, and cultural institutions.
      • HSS 7.10.1 Discuss the roots of the Scientific Revolution (e.g., Greek rationalism; Jewish, Christian, and Muslim science; Renaissance humanism; new knowledge from global exploration).
      • HSS 7.10.2 Understand the significance of the new scientific theories (e.g., those of Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Newton) and the significance of new inventions (e.g., the telescope, microscope, thermometer, barometer).
      • HSS 7.10.3 Understand the scientific method advanced by Bacon and Descartes, the influence of new scientific rationalism on the growth of democratic ideas, and the coexistence of science with traditional religious beliefs.
    • HSS 7.11 Students analyze political and economic change in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries (the Age of Exploration, the Enlightenment, and the Age of Reason). (1)
      • HSS 7.11.1 Know the great voyages of discovery, the locations of the routes, and the influence of cartography in the development of a new European worldview.
      • HSS 7.11.2 Discuss the exchanges of plants, animals, technology, culture, and ideas among Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and the major economic and social effects on each continent.
      • HSS 7.11.3 Examine the origins of modern capitalism; the influence of mercantilism and cottage industry; the elements and importance of a market economy in seventeenth-century Europe; the changing international trading and marketing patterns, including their locations on a world map; and the influence of explorers and map makers.
      • HSS 7.11.4 Explain how the main ideas of the Enlightenment can be traced back to such movements as the Renaissance, the Reformation, and the Scientific Revolution and to the Greeks, Romans, and Christianity.
      • HSS 7.11.5 Describe how democratic thought and institutions were influenced by Enlightenment thinkers (e.g., John Locke, Charles-Louis Montesquieu, American founders).
      • HSS 7.11.6 Discuss how the principles in the Magna Carta were embodied in such documents as the English Bill of Rights and the American Declaration of Independence.
  • Grade 8: United States History and Geography: Growth and Conflict (13)
    • HSS 8.1 Students understand the major events preceding the founding of the nation and relate their significance to the development of American constitutional democracy.
      • HSS 8.1.1 Describe the relationship between the moral and political ideas of the Great Awakening and the development of revolutionary fervor.
      • HSS 8.1.2 Analyze the philosophy of government expressed in the Declaration of Independence, with an emphasis on government as a means of securing individual rights (e.g., key phrases such as "all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights").
      • HSS 8.1.3 Analyze how the American Revolution affected other nations, especially France.
      • HSS 8.1.4 Describe the nation's blend of civic republicanism, classical liberal principles, and English parliamentary traditions.
    • HSS 8.2 Students analyze the political principles underlying the U.S. Constitution and compare the enumerated and implied powers of the federal government.
      • HSS 8.2.1 Discuss the significance of the Magna Carta, the English Bill of Rights, and the Mayflower Compact.
      • HSS 8.2.2 Analyze the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution and the success of each in implementing the ideals of the Declaration of Independence.
      • HSS 8.2.3 Evaluate the major debates that occurred during the development of the Constitution and their ultimate resolutions in such areas as shared power among institutions, divided state-federal power, slavery, the rights of individuals and states (later addressed by the addition of the Bill of Rights), and the status of American Indian nations under the commerce clause.
      • HSS 8.2.4 Describe the political philosophy underpinning the Constitution as specified in the Federalist Papers (authored by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay) and the role of such leaders as Madison, George Washington, Roger Sherman, Gouverneur Morris, and James Wilson in the writing and ratification of the Constitution.
      • HSS 8.2.5 Understand the significance of Jefferson's Statute for Religious Freedom as a forerunner of the First Amendment and the origins, purpose, and differing views of the founding fathers on the issue of the separation of church and state.
      • HSS 8.2.6 Enumerate the powers of government set forth in the Constitution and the fundamental liberties ensured by the Bill of Rights.
      • HSS 8.2.7 Describe the principles of federalism, dual sovereignty, separation of powers, checks and balances, the nature and purpose of majority rule, and the ways in which the American idea of constitutionalism preserves individual rights.
    • HSS 8.3 Students understand the foundation of the American political system and the ways in which citizens participate in it.
      • HSS 8.3.1 Analyze the principles and concepts codified in state constitutions between 1777 and 1781 that created the context out of which American political institutions and ideas developed.
      • HSS 8.3.2 Explain how the ordinances of 1785 and 1787 privatized national resources and transferred federally owned lands into private holdings, townships, and states.
      • HSS 8.3.3 Enumerate the advantages of a common market among the states as foreseen in and protected by the Constitution's clauses on interstate commerce, common coinage, and full-faith and credit.
      • HSS 8.3.4 Understand how the conflicts between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton resulted in the emergence of two political parties (e.g., view of foreign policy, Alien and Sedition Acts, economic policy, National Bank, funding and assumption of the revolutionary debt).
      • HSS 8.3.5 Know the significance of domestic resistance movements and ways in which the central government responded to such movements (e.g., Shays' Rebellion, the Whiskey Rebellion).
      • HSS 8.3.6 Describe the basic law-making process and how the Constitution provides numerous opportunities for citizens to participate in the political process and to monitor and influence government (e.g., function of elections, political parties, interest groups).
      • HSS 8.3.7 Understand the functions and responsibilities of a free press.
    • HSS 8.4 Students analyze the aspirations and ideals of the people of the new nation.
      • HSS 8.4.1 Describe the country's physical landscapes, political divisions, and territorial expansion during the terms of the first four presidents.
      • HSS 8.4.2 Explain the policy significance of famous speeches (e.g., Washing-ton's Farewell Address, Jefferson's 1801 Inaugural Address, John Q. Adams's Fourth of July 1821 Address).
      • HSS 8.4.3 Analyze the rise of capitalism and the economic problems and conflicts that accompanied it (e.g., Jackson's opposition to the National Bank; early decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court that reinforced the sanctity of contracts and a capitalist economic system of law).
      • HSS 8.4.4 Discuss daily life, including traditions in art, music, and literature, of early national America (e.g., through writings by Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper).
    • HSS 8.5 Students analyze U.S. foreign policy in the early Republic.
      • HSS 8.5.1 Understand the political and economic causes and consequences of the War of 1812 and know the major battles, leaders, and events that led to a final peace.
      • HSS 8.5.2 Know the changing boundaries of the United States and describe the relationships the country had with its neighbors (current Mexico and Canada) and Europe, including the influence of the Monroe Doc-trine, and how those relationships influenced westward expansion and the Mexican-American War.
      • HSS 8.5.3 Outline the major treaties with American Indian nations during the administrations of the first four presidents and the varying outcomes of those treaties.
    • HSS 8.6 Students analyze the divergent paths of the American people from 1800 to the mid-1800s and the challenges they faced, with emphasis on the Northeast.
      • HSS 8.6.1 Discuss the influence of industrialization and technological developments on the region, including human modification of the landscape and how physical geography shaped human actions (e.g., growth of cities, deforestation, farming, mineral extraction).
      • HSS 8.6.2 Outline the physical obstacles to and the economic and political factors involved in building a network of roads, canals, and railroads (e.g., Henry Clay's American System).
      • HSS 8.6.3 List the reasons for the wave of immigration from Northern Europe to the United States and describe the growth in the number, size, and spatial arrangements of cities (e.g., Irish immigrants and the Great Irish Famine).
      • HSS 8.6.4 Study the lives of black Americans who gained freedom in the North and founded schools and churches to advance their rights and communities.
      • HSS 8.6.5 Trace the development of the American education system from its earliest roots, including the roles of religious and private schools and Horace Mann's campaign for free public education and its assimilating role in American culture.
      • HSS 8.6.6 Examine the women's suffrage movement (e.g., biographies, writings, and speeches of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Margaret Fuller, Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony).
      • HSS 8.6.7 Identify common themes in American art as well as transcendentalism and individualism (e.g., writings about and by Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Herman Melville, Louisa May Alcott, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow).
    • HSS 8.7 Students analyze the divergent paths of the American people in the South from 1800 to the mid-1800s and the challenges they faced.
      • HSS 8.7.1 Describe the development of the agrarian economy in the South, identify the locations of the cotton-producing states, and discuss the significance of cotton and the cotton gin.
      • HSS 8.7.2 Trace the origins and development of slavery; its effects on black Americans and on the region's political, social, religious, economic, and cultural development; and identify the strategies that were tried to both overturn and preserve it (e.g., through the writings and historical documents on Nat Turner, Denmark Vesey).
      • HSS 8.7.3 Examine the characteristics of white Southern society and how the physical environment influenced events and conditions prior to the Civil War.
      • HSS 8.7.4 Compare the lives of and opportunities for free blacks in the North with those of free blacks in the South.
    • HSS 8.8 Students analyze the divergent paths of the American people in the West from 1800 to the mid-1800s and the challenges they faced. (1)
      • HSS 8.8.1 Discuss the election of Andrew Jackson as president in 1828, the importance of Jacksonian democracy, and his actions as president (e.g., the spoils system, veto of the National Bank, policy of Indian removal, opposition to the Supreme Court).
      • HSS 8.8.2 Describe the purpose, challenges, and economic incentives associated with westward expansion, including the concept of Manifest Destiny (e.g., the Lewis and Clark expedition, accounts of the removal of Indians, the Cherokees' "Trail of Tears," settlement of the Great Plains) and the territorial acquisitions that spanned numerous decades.
      • HSS 8.8.3 Describe the role of pioneer women and the new status that western women achieved (e.g., Laura Ingalls Wilder, Annie Bidwell; slave women gaining freedom in the West; Wyoming granting suffrage to women in 1869).
      • HSS 8.8.4 Examine the importance of the great rivers and the struggle over water rights.
      • HSS 8.8.5 Discuss Mexican settlements and their locations, cultural traditions, attitudes toward slavery, land-grant system, and economies.
      • HSS 8.8.6 Describe the Texas War for Independence and the Mexican-American War, including territorial settlements, the aftermath of the wars, and the effects the wars had on the lives of Americans, including Mexican Americans today.
    • HSS 8.9 Students analyze the early and steady attempts to abolish slavery and to realize the ideals of the Declaration of Independence. (6)
      • HSS 8.9.1 Describe the leaders of the movement (e.g., John Quincy Adams and his proposed constitutional amendment, John Brown and the armed resistance, Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad, Benjamin Franklin, Theodore Weld, William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass).
      • HSS 8.9.2 Discuss the abolition of slavery in early state constitutions.
      • HSS 8.9.3 Describe the significance of the Northwest Ordinance in education and in the banning of slavery in new states north of the Ohio River.
      • HSS 8.9.4 Discuss the importance of the slavery issue as raised by the annexation of Texas and California's admission to the union as a free state under the Compromise of 1850.
      • HSSS 8.9.5 Analyze the significance of the States' Rights Doctrine, the Missouri Compromise (1820), the Wilmot Proviso (1846), the Compromise of 1850, Henry Clay's role in the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850, the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), the Dred Scott v. Sandford decision (1857), and the Lincoln-Douglas debates (1858).
      • HSS 8.9.6 Describe the lives of free blacks and the laws that limited their freedom and economic opportunities.
    • HSS 8.10 Students analyze the multiple causes, key events, and complex consequences of the Civil War.
      • HSS 8.10.1 Compare the conflicting interpretations of state and federal authority as emphasized in the speeches and writings of statesmen such as Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun.
      • HSS 8.10.2 Trace the boundaries constituting the North and the South, the geographical differences between the two regions, and the differences between agrarians and industrialists.
      • HSS 8.10.3 Identify the constitutional issues posed by the doctrine of nullification and secession and the earliest origins of that doctrine.
      • HSS 8.10.4 Discuss Abraham Lincoln's presidency and his significant writings and speeches and their relationship to the Declaration of Independence, such as his "House Divided" speech (1858), Gettysburg Address (1863), Emancipation Proclamation (1863), and inaugural addresses (1861 and 1865).
      • HSS 8.10.5 Study the views and lives of leaders (e.g., Ulysses S. Grant, Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee) and soldiers on both sides of the war, including those of black soldiers and regiments.
      • HSS 8.10.6 Describe critical developments and events in the war, including the major battles, geographical advantages and obstacles, technological advances, and General Lee's surrender at Appomattox.
      • HSS 8.10.7 Explain how the war affected combatants, civilians, the physical environment, and future warfare.
    • HSS 8.11 Students analyze the character and lasting consequences of Reconstruction. (5)
      • HSS 8.11.1 List the original aims of Reconstruction and describe its effects on the political and social structures of different regions.
      • HSS 8.11.2 Identify the push-pull factors in the movement of former slaves to the cities in the North and to the West and their differing experiences in those regions (e.g., the experiences of Buffalo Soldiers).
      • HSS 8.11.3 Understand the effects of the Freedmen's Bureau and the restrictions placed on the rights and opportunities of freedmen, including racial segregation and "Jim Crow" laws.
      • HSS 8.11.4 Trace the rise of the Ku Klux Klan and describe the Klan's effects.
      • HSS 8.11.5 Understand the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution and analyze their connection to Reconstruction.
    • HSS 8.12 Students analyze the transformation of the American economy and the changing social and political conditions in the United States in response to the Indus-trial Revolution. (1)
      • HSS 8.12.1 Trace patterns of agricultural and industrial development as they relate to climate, use of natural resources, markets, and trade and locate such development on a map.
      • HSS 8.12.2 Identify the reasons for the development of federal Indian policy and the wars with American Indians and their relationship to agricultural development and industrialization.
      • HSS 8.12.3 Explain how states and the federal government encouraged business expansion through tariffs, banking, land grants, and subsidies.
      • HSS 8.12.4 Discuss entrepreneurs, industrialists, and bankers in politics, commerce, and industry (e.g., Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Leland Stanford).
      • HSS 8.12.5 Examine the location and effects of urbanization, renewed immigration, and industrialization (e.g., the effects on social fabric of cities, wealth and economic opportunity, the conservation movement).
      • HSS 8.12.6 Discuss child labor, working conditions, and laissez-faire policies toward big business and examine the labor movement, including its leaders (e.g., Samuel Gompers), its demand for collective bargaining, and its strikes and protests over labor conditions.
      • HSS 8.12.7 Identify the new sources of large-scale immigration and the contributions of immigrants to the building of cities and the economy; explain the ways in which new social and economic patterns encouraged assimilation of newcomers into the mainstream amidst growing cultural diversity; and discuss the new wave of nativism.
      • HSS 8.12.8 Identify the characteristics and impact of Grangerism and Populism.
      • HSS 8.12.9 Name the significant inventors and their inventions and identify how they improved the quality of life (e.g., Thomas Edison, Alexander Graham Bell, Orville and Wilbur Wright).
  • Grade 10: World History, Culture, and Geography: The Modern World (31)
    • HSS 10.1 Students relate the moral and ethical principles in ancient Greek and Roman philosophy, in Judaism, and in Christianity to the development of Western political thought.
      • HSS 10.1.1 Analyze the similarities and differences in Judeo-Christian and Greco-Roman views of law, reason and faith, and duties of the individual.
      • HSS 10.1.2 Trace the development of the Western political ideas of the rule of law and illegitimacy of tyranny, using selections from Plato's Republic and Aristotle's Politics.
      • HSS 10.1.3 Consider the influence of the U.S. Constitution on political systems in the contemporary world.
    • HSS 10.2 Students compare and contrast the Glorious Revolution of England, the American Revolution, and the French Revolution and their enduring effects worldwide on the political expectations for self-government and individual liberty. (6)
      • HSS 10.2.1 Compare the major ideas of philosophers and their effects on the democratic revolutions in England, the United States, France, and Latin America (e.g., John Locke, Charles-Louis Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Simón Bolívar, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison).
      • HSS 10.2.2 List the principles of the Magna Carta, the English Bill of Rights (1689), the American Declaration of Independence (1776), the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (1789), and the U.S. Bill of Rights (1791).
      • HSS 10.2.3 Understand the unique character of the American Revolution, its spread to other parts of the world, and its continuing significance to other nations.
      • HSS 10.2.4 Explain how the ideology of the French Revolution led France to develop from constitutional monarchy to democratic despotism to the Napoleonic empire.
      • HSS 10.2.5 Discuss how nationalism spread across Europe with Napoleon but was repressed for a generation under the Congress of Vienna and Concert of Europe until the Revolutions of 1848.
    • HSS 10.3 Students analyze the effects of the Industrial Revolution in England, France, Germany, Japan, and the United States. (7)
      • HSS 10.3.1 Analyze why England was the first country to industrialize.
      • HSS 10.3.2 Examine how scientific and technological changes and new forms of energy brought about massive social, economic, and cultural change (e.g., the inventions and discoveries of James Watt, Eli Whitney, Henry Bessemer, Louis Pasteur, Thomas Edison).
      • HSS 10.3.3 Describe the growth of population, rural to urban migration, and growth of cities associated with the Industrial Revolution.
      • HSS 10.3.4 Trace the evolution of work and labor, including the demise of the slave trade and the effects of immigration, mining and manufacturing, division of labor, and the union movement.
      • HSS 10.3.5 Understand the connections among natural resources, entrepreneur-ship, labor, and capital in an industrial economy.
      • HSS 10.3.6 Analyze the emergence of capitalism as a dominant economic pattern and the responses to it, including Utopianism, Social Democracy, Socialism, and Communism.
      • HSS 10.3.7 Describe the emergence of Romanticism in art and literature (e.g., the poetry of William Blake and William Wordsworth), social criticism (e.g., the novels of Charles Dickens), and the move away from Classicism in Europe.
    • HSS 10.4 Students analyze patterns of global change in the era of New Imperialism in at least two of the following regions or countries: Africa, Southeast Asia, China, India, Latin America, and the Philippines. (2)
      • HSS 10.4.1 Describe the rise of industrial economies and their link to imperialism and colonialism (e.g., the role played by national security and strategic advantage; moral issues raised by the search for national hegemony, Social Darwinism, and the missionary impulse; material issues such as land, resources, and technology).
      • HSS 10.4.2 Discuss the locations of the colonial rule of such nations as England, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Russia, Spain, Portugal, and the United States.
      • HSS 10.4.3 Explain imperialism from the perspective of the colonizers and the colonized and the varied immediate and long-term responses by the people under colonial rule.
      • HSS 10.4.4 Describe the independence struggles of the colonized regions of the world, including the roles of leaders, such as Sun Yat-sen in China, and the roles of ideology and religion.
    • HSS 10.5 Students analyze the causes and course of the First World War. (1)
      • HSS 10.5.1 Analyze the arguments for entering into war presented by leaders from all sides of the Great War and the role of political and economic rivalries, ethnic and ideological conflicts, domestic discontent and disorder, and propaganda and nationalism in mobilizing the civilian population in support of "total war."
      • HSS 10.5.2 Examine the principal theaters of battle, major turning points, and the importance of geographic factors in military decisions and outcomes (e.g., topography, waterways, distance, climate).
      • HSS 10.5.3 Explain how the Russian Revolution and the entry of the United States affected the course and outcome of the war.
      • HSS 10.5.4 Understand the nature of the war and its human costs (military and civilian) on all sides of the conflict, including how colonial peoples contributed to the war effort.
      • HSS 10.5.5 Discuss human rights violations and genocide, including the Ottoman government's actions against Armenian citizens.
    • HSS 10.6 Students analyze the effects of the First World War. (4)
      • HSS 10.6.1 Analyze the aims and negotiating roles of world leaders, the terms and influence of the Treaty of Versailles and Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, and the causes and effects of the United States's rejection of the League of Nations on world politics.
      • HSS 10.6.2 Describe the effects of the war and resulting peace treaties on population movement, the international economy, and shifts in the geographic and political borders of Europe and the Middle East.
      • HSS 10.6.3 Understand the widespread disillusionment with prewar institutions, authorities, and values that resulted in a void that was later filled by totalitarians.
      • HSS 10.6.4 Discuss the influence of World War I on literature, art, and intellectual life in the West (e.g., Pablo Picasso, the "lost generation" of Gertrude Stein, Ernest Hemingway).
    • HSS 10.7 Students analyze the rise of totalitarian governments after World War I. (1)
      • HSS 10.7.1 Understand the causes and consequences of the Russian Revolution, including Lenin's use of totalitarian means to seize and maintain control (e.g., the Gulag).
      • HSS 10.7.2 Trace Stalin's rise to power in the Soviet Union and the connection between economic policies, political policies, the absence of a free press, and systematic violations of human rights (e.g., the Terror Famine in Ukraine).
      • HSS 10.7.3 Analyze the rise, aggression, and human costs of totalitarian regimes (Fascist and Communist) in Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union, noting especially their common and dissimilar traits.
    • HSS 10.8 Students analyze the causes and consequences of World War II.
      • HSS 10.8.1 Compare the German, Italian, and Japanese drives for empire in the 1930s, including the 1937 Rape of Nanking, other atrocities in China, and the Stalin-Hitler Pact of 1939.
      • HSS 10.8.2 Understand the role of appeasement, nonintervention (isolationism), and the domestic distractions in Europe and the United States prior to the outbreak of World War II.
      • HSS 10.8.3 Identify and locate the Allied and Axis powers on a map and discuss the major turning points of the war, the principal theaters of conflict, key strategic decisions, and the resulting war conferences and political resolutions, with emphasis on the importance of geographic factors.
      • HSS 10.8.4 Describe the political, diplomatic, and military leaders during the war (e.g., Winston Churchill, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Emperor Hirohito, Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Joseph Stalin, Douglas MacArthur, Dwight Eisenhower).
      • HSS 10.8.5 Analyze the Nazi policy of pursuing racial purity, especially against the European Jews; its transformation into the Final Solution; and the Holocaust that resulted in the murder of six million Jewish civilians.
      • HSS 10.8.6 Discuss the human costs of the war, with particular attention to the civilian and military losses in Russia, Germany, Britain, the United States, China, and Japan.
    • HSS 10.9 Students analyze the international developments in the post-World World War II world. (2)
      • HSS 10.9.1 Compare the economic and military power shifts caused by the war, including the Yalta Pact, the development of nuclear weapons, Soviet control over Eastern European nations, and the economic recoveries of Germany and Japan.
      • HSS 10.9.2 Analyze the causes of the Cold War, with the free world on one side and Soviet client states on the other, including competition for influence in such places as Egypt, the Congo, Vietnam, and Chile.
      • HSS 10.9.3 Understand the importance of the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan, which established the pattern for America's postwar policy of supplying economic and military aid to prevent the spread of Communism and the resulting economic and political competition in arenas such as Southeast Asia (i.e., the Korean War, Vietnam War), Cuba, and Africa.
      • HSS 10.9.4 Analyze the Chinese Civil War, the rise of Mao Zedong, and the subsequent political and economic upheavals in China (e.g., the Great Leap Forward, the Cultural Revolution, and the Tiananmen Square uprising).
      • HSS 10.9.5 Describe the uprisings in Poland (1952), Hungary (1956), and Czechoslovakia (1968) and those countries' resurgence in the 1970s and 1980s as people in Soviet satellites sought freedom from Soviet control.
      • HSS 10.9.6 Understand how the forces of nationalism developed in the Middle East, how the Holocaust affected world opinion regarding the need for a Jewish state, and the significance and effects of the location and establishment of Israel on world affairs.
      • 10.9.7 Analyze the reasons for the collapse of the Soviet Union, including the weakness of the command economy, burdens of military commitments, and growing resistance to Soviet rule by dissidents in satellite states and the non-Russian Soviet republics.
      • HSS 10.9.8 Discuss the establishment and work of the United Nations and the purposes and functions of the Warsaw Pact, SEATO, NATO, and the Organization of American States.
    • HSS 10.10 Students analyze instances of nation-building in the contemporary world in at least two of the following regions or countries: the Middle East, Africa, Mexico and other parts of Latin America, and China. (6)
    • HSS 10.11 Students analyze the integration of countries into the world economy and the information, technological, and communications revolutions (e.g., television, satellites, computers).
  • Grade 11: United States History and Geography: Continuity and Change in the Twentieth Century (34)
    • HSS 11.1 Students analyze the significant events in the founding of the nation and its attempts to realize the philosophy of government described in the Declaration of Independence. (2)
      • HSS 11.1.1 Describe the Enlightenment and the rise of democratic ideas as the context in which the nation was founded.
      • HSS 11.1.2 Analyze the ideological origins of the American Revolution, the Founding Fathers' philosophy of divinely bestowed unalienable natural rights, the debates on the drafting and ratification of the Constitution, and the addition of the Bill of Rights.
      • HSS 11.1.3 Understand the history of the Constitution after 1787 with emphasis on federal versus state authority and growing democratization.
      • HSS 11.1.4 Examine the effects of the Civil War and Reconstruction and of the industrial revolution, including demographic shifts and the emergence in the late nineteenth century of the United States as a world power.
    • HSS 11.2 Students analyze the relationship among the rise of industrialization, large-scale rural-to-urban migration, and massive immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe. (2)
      • HSS 11.2.1 Know the effects of industrialization on living and working conditions, including the portrayal of working conditions and food safety in Upton Sinclair's The Jungle.
      • HSS 11.2.2 Describe the changing landscape, including the growth of cities linked by industry and trade, and the development of cities divided according to race, ethnicity, and class.
      • HSS 11.2.3 Trace the effect of the Americanization movement.
      • HSS 11.2.4 Analyze the effect of urban political machines and responses to them by immigrants and middle-class reformers.
      • HSS 11.2.5 Discuss corporate mergers that produced trusts and cartels and the economic and political policies of industrial leaders.
      • HSS 11.2.6 Trace the economic development of the United States and its emergence as a major industrial power, including its gains from trade and the advantages of its physical geography.
      • HSS 11.2.7 Analyze the similarities and differences between the ideologies of Social Darwinism and Social Gospel (e.g., using biographies of William Graham Sumner, Billy Sunday, Dwight L. Moody).
      • HSS 11.2.8 Examine the effect of political programs and activities of Populists.
      • HSS 11.2.9 Understand the effect of political programs and activities of the Progressives (e.g., federal regulation of railroad transport, Children's Bureau, the Sixteenth Amendment, Theodore Roosevelt, Hiram Johnson).
    • HSS 11.3 Students analyze the role religion played in the founding of America, its lasting moral, social, and political impacts, and issues regarding religious liberty. (2)
      • HSS 11.3.1 Describe the contributions of various religious groups to American civic principles and social reform movements (e.g., civil and human rights, individual responsibility and the work ethic, antimonarchy and self-rule, worker protection, family-centered communities).
      • HSS 11.3.2 Analyze the great religious revivals and the leaders involved in them, including the First Great Awakening, the Second Great Awakening, the Civil War revivals, the Social Gospel Movement, the rise of Christian liberal theology in the nineteenth century, the impact of the Second Vatican Council, and the rise of Christian fundamentalism in current times.
      • HSS 11.3.3 Cite incidences of religious intolerance in the United States (e.g., persecution of Mormons, anti-Catholic sentiment, anti-Semitism).
      • HSS 11.3.4 Discuss the expanding religious pluralism in the United States and California that resulted from large-scale immigration in the twentieth century.
      • HSS 11.3.5 Describe the principles of religious liberty found in the Establishment and Free Exercise clauses of the First Amendment, including the debate on the issue of separation of church and state.
    • HSS 11.4 Students trace the rise of the United States to its role as a world power in the twentieth century. (1)
      • HSS 11.4.1 List the purpose and the effects of the Open Door policy.
      • HSS 11.4.2 Describe the Spanish-American War and U.S. expansion in the South Pacific.
      • HSS 11.4.3 Discuss America's role in the Panama Revolution and the building of the Panama Canal.
      • HSS 11.4.4 Explain Theodore Roosevelt's Big Stick diplomacy, William Taft's Dollar Diplomacy, and Woodrow Wilson's Moral Diplomacy, drawing on relevant speeches.
      • HSS 11.4.5 Analyze the political, economic, and social ramifications of World War I on the home front.
      • HSS 11.4.6 Trace the declining role of Great Britain and the expanding role of the United States in world affairs after World War II.
    • HSS 11.5 Students analyze the major political, social, economic, technological, and cultural developments of the 1920s. (4)
      • HSS 11.5.1 Discuss the policies of Presidents Warren Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover.
      • HSS 11.5.2 Analyze the international and domestic events, interests, and philosophies that prompted attacks on civil liberties, including the Palmer Raids, Marcus Garvey's "back-to-Africa" movement, the Ku Klux Klan, and immigration quotas and the responses of organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and the Anti-Defamation League to those attacks.
      • 11.5.3 Examine the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution and the Volstead Act (Prohibition).
      • HSS 11.5.4 Analyze the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment and the changing role of women in society.
      • HSS 11.5.5 Describe the Harlem Renaissance and new trends in literature, music, and art, with special attention to the work of writers (e.g., Zora Neale Hurston, Langston Hughes).
      • HSS 11.5.6 Trace the growth and effects of radio and movies and their role in the worldwide diffusion of popular culture.
      • HSS 11.5.7 Discuss the rise of mass production techniques, the growth of cities, the impact of new technologies (e.g., the automobile, electricity), and the resulting prosperity and effect on the American landscape.
    • HSS 11.6 Students analyze the different explanations for the Great Depression and how the New Deal fundamentally changed the role of the federal government. (3)
      • HSS 11.6.1 Describe the monetary issues of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that gave rise to the establishment of the Federal Reserve and the weaknesses in key sectors of the economy in the late 1920s.
      • HSS 11.6.2 Understand the explanations of the principal causes of the Great Depression and the steps taken by the Federal Reserve, Congress, and Presidents Herbert Hoover and Franklin Delano Roosevelt to combat the economic crisis.
      • HSS 11.6.3 Discuss the human toll of the Depression, natural disasters, and unwise agricultural practices and their effects on the depopulation of rural regions and on political movements of the left and right, with particular attention to the Dust Bowl refugees and their social and economic impacts in California.
      • HSS 11.6.4 Analyze the effects of and the controversies arising from New Deal economic policies and the expanded role of the federal government in society and the economy since the 1930s (e.g., Works Progress Administration, Social Security, National Labor Relations Board, farm programs, regional development policies, and energy development projects such as the Tennessee Valley Authority, California Central Valley Project, and Bonneville Dam).
      • HSS 11.6.5 Trace the advances and retreats of organized labor, from the creation of the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations to current issues of a postindustrial, multinational economy, including the United Farm Workers in California.
    • HSS 11.7 Students analyze America's participation in World War II.
      • HSS 11.7.1 Examine the origins of American involvement in the war, with an emphasis on the events that precipitated the attack on Pearl Harbor.
      • HSS 11.7.2 Explain U.S. and Allied wartime strategy, including the major battles of Midway, Normandy, Iwo Jima, Okinawa, and the Battle of the Bulge.
      • HSS 11.7.3 Identify the roles and sacrifices of individual American soldiers, as well as the unique contributions of the special fighting forces (e.g., the Tuskegee Airmen, the 442nd Regimental Combat team, the Navajo Code Talkers).
      • HSS 11.7.4 Analyze Roosevelt's foreign policy during World War II (e.g., Four Freedoms speech).
      • HSS 11.7.5 Discuss the constitutional issues and impact of events on the U.S. home front, including the internment of Japanese Americans (e.g., Fred Korematsu v. United States of America) and the restrictions on German and Italian resident aliens; the response of the administration to Hitler's atrocities against Jews and other groups; the roles of women in military production; and the roles and growing political demands of African Americans.
      • HSS 11.7.6 Describe major developments in aviation, weaponry, communication, and medicine and the war's impact on the location of American industry and use of resources.
      • HSS 11.7.7 Discuss the decision to drop atomic bombs and the consequences of the decision (Hiroshima and Nagasaki).
      • HSS 11.7.8 Analyze the effect of massive aid given to Western Europe under the Marshall Plan to rebuild itself after the war and the importance of a rebuilt Europe to the U.S. economy.
    • HSS 11.8 Students analyze the economic boom and social transformation of post-World War II America. (4)
      • HSS 11.8.1 Trace the growth of service sector, white collar, and professional sector jobs in business and government.
      • HSS 11.8.2 Describe the significance of Mexican immigration and its relationship to the agricultural economy, especially in California.
      • HSS 11.8.3 Examine Truman's labor policy and congressional reaction to it.
      • HSS 11.8.4 Analyze new federal government spending on defense, welfare, interest on the national debt, and federal and state spending on education, including the California Master Plan.
      • HSS 11.8.5 Describe the increased powers of the presidency in response to the Great Depression, World War II, and the Cold War.
      • HSS 11.8.6 Discuss the diverse environmental regions of North America, their relationship to local economies, and the origins and prospects of environmental problems in those regions.
      • HSS 11.8.7 Describe the effects on society and the economy of technological developments since 1945, including the computer revolution, changes in communication, advances in medicine, and improvements in agricultural technology.
      • HSS 11.8.8 Discuss forms of popular culture, with emphasis on their origins and geographic diffusion (e.g., jazz and other forms of popular music, professional sports, architectural and artistic styles).
    • HSS 11.9 Students analyze U.S. foreign policy since World War II. (3)
      • HSS 11.9.1 Discuss the establishment of the United Nations and International Declaration of Human Rights, International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and their importance in shaping modern Europe and maintaining peace and international order.
      • HSS 11.9.2 Understand the role of military alliances, including NATO and SEATO, in deterring communist aggression and maintaining security during the Cold War.
      • HSS 11.9.3 Trace the origins and geopolitical consequences (foreign and domestic) of the Cold War and containment policy, including the following:The era of McCarthyism, instances of domestic Communism (e.g., Alger Hiss) and blacklistingThe Truman DoctrineThe Berlin BlockadeThe Korean WarThe Bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban Missile CrisisAtomic testing in the American West, the "mutual assured destruction" doctrine, and disarmament policiesThe Vietnam WarLatin American policy
      • HSS 11.9.4 List the effects of foreign policy on domestic policies and vice versa (e.g., protests during the war in Vietnam, the "nuclear freeze" movement).
      • HSS 11.9.5 Analyze the role of the Reagan administration and other factors in the victory of the West in the Cold War.
      • HSS 11.9.6 Describe U.S. Middle East policy and its strategic, political, and Content economic interests, including those related to the Gulf War.
      • HSS 11.9.7 Examine relations between the United States and Mexico in the twentieth century, including key economic, political, immigration, and environmental issues.
    • HSS 11.10 Students analyze the development of federal civil rights and voting rights. (6)
      • HSS 11.10.1 Explain how demands of African Americans helped produce a stimulus for civil rights, including President Roosevelt's ban on racial discrimination in defense industries in 1941, and how African Americans' service in World War II produced a stimulus for President Truman's decision to end segregation in the armed forces in 1948.
      • HSS 11.10.2 Examine and analyze the key events, policies, and court cases in the evolution of civil rights, including Dred Scott v. Sandford, Plessy v. Ferguson, Brown v. Board of Education, Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, and California Proposition 209.
      • HSS 11.10.3 Describe the collaboration on legal strategy between African American and white civil rights lawyers to end racial segregation in higher education.
      • HSS 11.10.4 Examine the roles of civil rights advocates (e.g., A. Philip Randolph, Martin Luther King, Jr., Malcolm X, Thurgood Marshall, James Farmer, Rosa Parks), including the significance of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "Letter from Birmingham Jail" and "I Have a Dream" speech.
      • HSS 11.10.5 Discuss the diffusion of the civil rights movement of African Americans from the churches of the rural South and the urban North, including the resistance to racial desegregation in Little Rock and Birmingham, and how the advances influenced the agendas, strategies, and effectiveness of the quests of American Indians, Asian Americans, and Hispanic Americans for civil rights and equal opportunities.
      • HSS 11.10.6 Analyze the passage and effects of civil rights and voting rights legislation (e.g., 1964 Civil Rights Act, Voting Rights Act of 1965) and the Twenty-Fourth Amendment, with an emphasis on equality of access to education and to the political process.
      • HSS 11.10.7 Analyze the women's rights movement from the era of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony and the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the movement launched in the 1960s, including differing perspectives on the roles of women.
    • HSS 11.11 Students analyze the major social problems and domestic policy issues in contemporary American society. (7)
      • HSS 11.11.1 Discuss the reasons for the nation's changing immigration policy, with emphasis on how the Immigration Act of 1965 and successor acts have transformed American society.
      • HSS 11.11.2 Discuss the significant domestic policy speeches of Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, Carter, Reagan, Bush, and Clinton (e.g., with regard to education, civil rights, economic policy, environmental policy).
      • HSS 11.11.3 Describe the changing roles of women in society as reflected in the entry of more women into the labor force and the changing family structure.
      • HSS 11.11.4 Explain the constitutional crisis originating from the Watergate scandal.
      • HSS 11.11.5 Trace the impact of, need for, and controversies associated with environmental conservation, expansion of the national park system, and the development of environmental protection laws, with particular attention to the interaction between environmental protection advocates and property rights advocates.
      • HSS 11.11.6 Analyze the persistence of poverty and how different analyses of this issue influence welfare reform, health insurance reform, and other social policies.
      • HSS 11.11.7 Explain how the federal, state, and local governments have responded to demographic and social changes such as population shifts to the suburbs, racial concentrations in the cities, Frostbelt-to-Sunbelt migration, international migration, decline of family farms, increases in out-of-wedlock births, and drug abuse.
  • Grade 12: Principles of American Democracy and Economics (42)